Despite efforts to develop evidence based nutrient recommendations and dietary guidelines that may contribute to enhance health, there are still many gaps in research.
Most recent documents provide advice regarding specific n-3 fatty acids. Many sets do not include a recommendation about cholesterol intake. Recommendations on fat intake share similar figures regarding total fat intake, saturated fats and trans fats. Recommendations vary between countries regarding the levels of intake advised, the process followed to set the recommendations. There is no standard approach for deriving nutrient recommendations. Documents were included if they reported information on either recommended intake levels or dietary reference values or nutritional objectives or dietary guidelines regarding fat and/or fatty acids and/or cholesterol intake or if reported background information on the process followed to produce the recommendations. A literature search was conducted in relevant literature databases along a search for suitable grey literature reports. In this paper different sets of recommendations are analyzed following a systematic review process to examine dietary reference intakes, nutritional goals and dietary guidelines for fat and fatty acids. Since the 1980s many bodies and organizations have published recommendations regarding fat intake. IR spectroscopy procedures, ionic-liquid GC columns, and multidimensional chromatographic techniques) that have the potential to substantially improve the accuracy, sensitivity, and/or speed of trans fat determination.ĭietary fat and its effects on health and disease has attracted interest for research and Public Health. We include new data on method performance that have only recently become available, and provide an overview of notable recent developments in lipid analysis (e.g. Here, we review current official ATR-FTIR and GC-FID methods for determination of trans fat, with a focus on factors affecting quantification of low levels of trans fat. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) are two techniques used in official methods approved by method-endorsing organizations, for example AOAC International and the American Oil Chemists' Society. Increased use by the food industry of oils with a low trans fat content necessitates reevaluation of official methods used by the food industry and regulatory agencies for the determination of total trans fat. Regulatory authorities in many countries have enacted legislation aimed at reducing trans fat content of their food supplies, either by requiring trans fat labeling on pre-packaged foods or by limiting the amount of trans fat in oils used for food production. The adverse effects of dietary trans fat on biomarkers of chronic disease are well documented.
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